Analysis of Factors Affecting Reporting Effectiveness in the Reporting Information System at Community Health Centers in Serang Regency
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70062/globalmanagement.v2i3.341Keywords:
Digital Literacy of Health Workers, Health Reporting, Organizational Support & Policy, Puskesmas (Community Health Centers) – Serang, Technological BarriersAbstract
The effectiveness of reporting within the reporting information system at Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) is crucial for supporting data‑driven decision‑making, health‑program planning, and performance monitoring. Accurate and timely reporting enables healthcare administrators to analyze trends, allocate resources efficiently, and improve patient outcomes through evidence‑based interventions. This article analyzes the factors influencing reporting effectiveness at Puskesmas in Serang Regency, including technological, human‑resource, and organizational factors. The study employs a literature‑review and case‑analysis approach, highlighting challenges and offering recommendations to improve reporting effectiveness. The results indicate that limitations in infrastructure, staff competency, digital literacy, as well as management support and policy, are key factors that must be addressed to optimize the reporting system in Serang Regency’s Puskesmas. Technological barriers—such as inadequate hardware, software, and internet connectivity—often hinder the seamless collection and transmission of health data. Human‑resource challenges, including insufficient training and low digital literacy among staff, can lead to data‑entry errors and delays. Organizational factors—such as clear policies, standard operating procedures, and a supportive management culture—are also essential for sustaining high‑quality reporting practices. Furthermore, the integration of health informatics and continuous quality‑improvement initiatives can enhance the reliability and usability of reported data, ultimately supporting better health outcomes at the community level. The study concludes that a holistic approach—encompassing technological upgrades, ongoing staff development, and strong organizational leadership—is necessary to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of reporting systems in primary‑healthcare settings.
References
Adepoju, A. H., Austin-Gabriel, B., Eweje, A., & Collins, A. (2022). Framework for automating multi-team workflows to maximize operational efficiency and minimize redundant data handling. IRE Journals, 5(9), 663–664.
Agbeyangi, A., & Suleman, H. (2024). Formalising solutions to network availability issues in low-resource environments: An offline storage design pattern for software systems. South African Computer Journal, 36(2), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v36i2.19976
Agushybana, F., Suryawati, C., & Santoso, E. K. S. (2022). Evaluation of the utilization of electronic-based recording and reporting systems at public health centers (Puskesmas). The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 53(Suppl. 2), 660–679.
Ahakwa, I., Yang, J., Tackie, E. A., & Atingabili, S. (2021). The influence of employee engagement, work environment and job satisfaction on organizational commitment and performance of employees: A sampling weights in PLS path modelling. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 4(3), 34–62. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v4i3.641
Aisyah, D. N., et al. (2024). The information and communication technology maturity assessment at primary health care services across 9 provinces in Indonesia: Evaluation study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 12, e55959. https://doi.org/10.2196/55959
Al Ghifary, M. F., Amin, F. M., Ridwan, M., & Solakhudin, M. R. (2025). Improving the effectiveness of help desk service management in the self-service system at the UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Academic Library. Jurnal Ecotipe, 12(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.33019/jurnalecotipe.v12i1.4550
Alateeg, S., & Alhammadi, A. (2024). The impact of organizational culture on organizational innovation with mediation role of strategic leadership in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Statistics Applications & Probability, 13(2), 843–858. https://doi.org/10.18576/jsap/130220
Amimr, A., & Sari, P. (2024). Defining the integration of primary health services: Perspectives from leaders of Puskesmas. Jurnal Kesehatan, 15(3), 370–373. https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v15i3.4721
Anno, E. F. (n.d.). Effect of leadership and management inefficiencies on employee motivation and engagement in community-based organizations in Turkana, Kenya [Unpublished manuscript].
Arvidsson, S., & Dumay, J. (2022). Corporate ESG reporting quantity, quality and performance: Where to now for environmental policy and practice? Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1091–1110. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2937
Aryee, G. F. B., et al. (2024). Effectiveness of eLearning programme for capacity building of healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 22(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-024-00924-x
Bejtic, Z. (2024). Nurturing feedback and its impact on self-efficacy, empowerment, and professional growth in educational and corporate environments. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijac.v17i2.45237
Bisrat, A., Minda, D., Assamnew, B., Abebe, B., & Abegaz, T. (2021). Implementation challenges and perception of care providers on electronic medical records at St. Paul’s and Ayder Hospitals, Ethiopia. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1), 306. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01670-z
Choudhary, H., & Bansal, N. (2022). Addressing digital divide through digital literacy training programs: A systematic literature review. Digital Education Review, 41, 224–248. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2022.41.224-248
Chychun, V., Grechanyk, O., Khliebnikova, T., Temchenko, O., & Kravchenko, Н. (2023). Change management models and methods: Implementing innovations, ensuring sustainability and engaging staff [Unpublished manuscript].
Claramita, M., Hilman, O., Ekawati, F. M., Syah, N. A., & Arisanti, N. (n.d.). Indonesia: A primary [Unpublished manuscript].
Dananjaya, C. R. G. (2023). Factors that foster collaboration between health care authorities and community health workers in rural Indonesia. Harvard Medical School.
Danforth, K., et al. (2023). Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of essential packages of health services. BMJ Global Health, 8(Suppl. 1), e010726. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010726
Delgado, J., Siow, S., De Groot, J., McLane, B., & Hedlin, M. (2021). Towards collective moral resilience: The potential of communities of practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(6), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106764
Deussom, R., Mwarey, D., Bayu, M., Abdullah, S. S., & Marcus, R. (2022). Systematic review of performance-enhancing health worker supervision approaches in low- and middle-income countries. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00692-y
Dhynianti, L., Darmawan, E. S., Nadjib, M., & Soewondo, P. (2025). Readiness of community health centers to implement integrated primary health care services in Jakarta, Indonesia: A 2024 study. Journal of Integrated Care. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICA-11-2024-0065
Donner, E. K. (2023). Research data management systems and the organization of universities and research institutes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 55(2), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006211070282
Drury, P., & Lazuardi, L. (2021). Telehealth and digital inclusion in Indonesia [Unpublished manuscript].
Duanyo, T. V., et al. (n.d.). Navigating the digital health landscape: Benefits, risks, and user satisfaction in online health information seeking among academic staff in Bayelsa State, Nigeria [Unpublished manuscript].
Duffy, A., et al. (2025). Examining challenges to co-design digital health interventions with end users: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e50178. https://doi.org/10.2196/50178
Englander, I., & Wong, W. (2021). The architecture of computer hardware, systems software, and networking: An information technology approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Enticott, J., Johnson, A., & Teede, H. (2021). Learning health systems using data to drive healthcare improvement and impact: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06215-8
Faniran, Q. (n.d.). Comparative analysis of digital health transformation: Adoption and implementation of electronic patients’ record (EPR) systems in the UK and USA [Unpublished manuscript].
Georgescu, I., et al. (2024). Enhancing organizational resilience: The transformative influence of strategic human resource management practices and organizational culture. Sustainability, 16(10), 4315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104315
Gumpula, R. (2024). Designing a web-based cloud storage management system to optimize data retrieval, storage efficiency, security, and accessibility (Master’s thesis). National College of Ireland, Dublin.
Hansen, J., et al. (2021). Assessment of the EU Member States’ rules on health data in the light of GDPR [Unpublished manuscript].
Hetrianto, N. D., Putri, D. U. P., & Arisandi, W. (2024). Effectiveness of using E-Puskesmas application in public health centre in the work area at public health office. An Idea Nursing Journal, 3(2), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.53690/inj.v3i02.316
Islam, R., et al. (2023). The future of cloud computing: Benefits and challenges. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 16(4), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2023.164004
Karaferis, D., Aletras, V., Raikou, M., & Niakas, D. (2022). Factors influencing motivation and work engagement of healthcare professionals. Materia Socio-Medica, 34(3), 216. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2022.34.216-224
Kareska, A. P. D. S. C. K. (n.d.). The role of leadership in the development of an innovative organizational culture [Unpublished manuscript].
Khatri, R., et al. (2023). Continuity and care coordination of primary health care: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 750. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09718-8
Kurnia, S., et al. (2023). Enhancing digital health literacy to support post-pandemic health recovery in Indonesia: A case study in Makassar [Unpublished manuscript].
Lal, A., Ashworth, H. C., Dada, S., Hoemeke, L., & Tambo, E. (2022). Optimizing pandemic preparedness and response through health information systems: Lessons learned from Ebola to COVID-19. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(1), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.361
Lescrauwaet, L., Wagner, H., Yoon, C., & Shukla, S. (2022). Adaptive legal frameworks and economic dynamics in emerging technologies: Navigating the intersection for responsible innovation. Law and Economics, 16(3), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v16i3.61
Longhini, J., Rossettini, G., & Palese, A. (2022). Digital health competencies among health care professionals: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(8), e36414. https://doi.org/10.2196/36414
Meiliani, R., Syarvina, W., & Rahma, T. I. F. (2024). Analysis of the effectiveness of BPJS health implementation in Marbau Puskesmas: Balance between access and service quality. Moneter: Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan, 12(2), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.32832/moneter.v12i2.935
Mohamed, J. B. (2023). Digital transformation healthcare services: Telemedicine on pandemic era. Penerbit Tahta Media.
Muliati, M., et al. (2023). Public health services in local government: Analysis of quality and accessibility of health services for the community. Ministrate: Jurnal Birokrasi dan Pemerintahan Daerah, 5(3), 384–395.
Noroozi, M., et al. (2024). Navigating resistance to technological change in organizations: A holistic approach. In Proceedings of the 19th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance.
Olugbami, O. O., Ogundeko, O., Lawan, M., & Foster, E. (2025). Harnessing data for impact: Transforming public health interventions through evidence-based decision-making. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(1), 2085–2103. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0297
Onavwie, F. O., Sokoh, G. C., & Okereka, O. P. (2023). Designing an effective reward management system for enhancing performance in the civil service. Journal of Public Administration and Social Welfare Research, 8(2), 72–92.
Pangarindang, T. O., Maritasari, D. Y., & Putri, D. U. P. (2025). Analysis of the implementation of the Community Health Center Integrated Recording and Reporting System (SP2TP) in 2024. Professional Health Journal, 6(2), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v6i2.858
Pantuvo, J. S., & Oluwarore, K. O. (2024). Interoperability in. In Modern advancements in surveillance systems and technologies (p. 303).
Peixoto, T., Oliveira, B., Oliveira, Ó., & Fillipe, R. (2025). Data quality assessment in smart manufacturing: A review. Systems, 13(4), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13040243
Popova, A., Evans, D. K., Breeding, M. E., & Arancibia, V. (2022). Teacher professional development around the world: The gap between evidence and practice. The World Bank Research Observer, 37(1), 107–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkab006
Prasetyo, Y. B., et al. (2024). Understanding enablers and barriers in Indonesia’s noncommunicable disease program: A qualitative study from nurses’ perspectives. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 9(4), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.4103/jncd.jncd_78_24
Pratiwi, R. D., et al. (2025). Implementation of an information system for tuberculosis in healthcare facilities in Indonesia: Evaluation of its effectiveness and challenges. Archives of Public Health, 83(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01507-5
Roll, M. J. J., & Ifenthaler, D. (2021). Multidisciplinary digital competencies of pre-service vocational teachers. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 13(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-021-00112-4
Salve, S., et al. (2023). Community health workers and COVID-19: Cross-country evidence on their roles, experiences, challenges and adaptive strategies. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(1), e0001447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001447
Sanders, D. (2023). The struggle for health: Medicine and the politics of underdevelopment. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858450.001.0001
Shaheen, B. W., & Németh, I. (2022). Integration of maintenance management system functions with Industry 4.0 technologies and features: A review. Processes, 10(11), 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112173
Shittu, R. A., et al. (2024). Ethics in technology: Developing ethical guidelines for AI and digital transformation in Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6(1), 1260–1271. https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1-401-412
Smith, D. J., et al. (2025). Improving rural healthcare in mobile clinics: Real-time, live data entry into the electronic medical record using a satellite internet connection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060842
Ștefan, A.-M., Rusu, N.-R., Ovreiu, E., & Ciuc, M. (2024). Empowering healthcare: A comprehensive guide to implementing a robust medical information system—Components, benefits, objectives, evaluation criteria, and seamless deployment strategies. Applied System Innovation, 7(3), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7030051
Tegegne, M. D., et al. (2023). Digital literacy level and associated factors among health professionals in a referral and teaching hospital: An implication for future digital health systems implementation. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1130894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1130894
Trenerry, B., et al. (2021). Preparing workplaces for digital transformation: An integrative review and framework of multi-level factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 620766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620766
Utomo, S., Gesmi, I., & Othman, Z. (2025). Public services amid infrastructure inequities: A case study of Indonesia’s outer islands. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.200536
Vallabhaneni, R. (2025). Breaking data silos: Creating interoperable government systems for holistic insights [Unpublished manuscript].
Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., & Glaser, J. P. (2021). Health care information systems: A practical approach for health care management. John Wiley & Sons.
Wenang, S., et al. (2021). Availability and accessibility of primary care for the remote, rural, and poor population of Indonesia. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 721886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.721886
Werang, N. P. L., et al. (n.d.). Digitalization initiatives in rural areas: An empirical analysis from West Java, Indonesia [Unpublished manuscript].
Willie, M. M. (2025). Strategies for enhancing training and development in healthcare management. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 3(1), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v3i1.408
World Health Organization. (2024). Strategy for optimizing national routine health information systems: Strengthening routine health information systems to deliver primary health care and universal health coverage. WHO.
Yulian, V. (2021). Community participation for maternal and neonatal health in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia: A qualitative case study design (Doctoral dissertation). University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
