Munaf Marza Neama, and Mustafa Kamel Rasheed. 2025. “Measuring the Impact of External Exchange Rate Shocks on the Performance Indicators of the Iraqi Economy: Using the Kaldor Square”. Management Dynamics: International Journal of Management and Digital Sciences 2 (3):176-87. https://doi.org/10.70062/managementdynamics.v2i3.278.